An epidural is the most common anaesthetic pain relief in labour. Most planned and many unplanned caesarean births are done with a spinal or epidural anaesthetic, so the birthing parent is awake. A general anaesthetic is used when it is the safer or faster option.
Pain relief in labour
An epidural places a fine tube in the lower back, through which local anaesthetic and pain-relieving medicine are given. It reduces labour pain while letting you stay awake and alert. Your midwife and anaesthetist will explain how it works, its effects on labour and its risks. The Australian Society of Anaesthetists’ pamphlet on epidural anaesthesia for childbirth is a useful guide.
Anaesthesia for caesarean birth
- Spinal anaesthetic: a single injection in the lower back numbs you from the chest down. It is often used for planned caesareans.
- Epidural: if you already have an epidural in labour, it can usually be topped up for a caesarean.
- General anaesthetic: you are asleep. It may be needed in an emergency or when a spinal or epidural is not suitable.
ANZCA’s patient page Pain relief and having a baby explains the options.
Talking with your anaesthetist
If you have a medical condition, a bleeding problem, a back condition or have had problems with anaesthesia before, ask your maternity team whether you should see an anaesthetist before your due date.
Sources
- ANZCA. Pain relief and having a baby. Accessed 2 Nov 2026.
- Australian Society of Anaesthetists. Epidural anaesthesia for childbirth. Accessed 2 Nov 2026.
- ANZCA. Types of anaesthesia. Accessed 2 Nov 2026.
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In an emergency, call 000. This information is general and does not replace advice from your treating practitioner.